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Urho3D
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Lua scripting in Urho3D has its dedicated LuaScript subsystem that must be instantiated before the scripting capabilities can be used. Lua support is not compiled in by default but must be enabled by the CMake build option -DURHO3D_LUA=1. For more details see Build options. Instantiating the subsystem is done like this:
Like AngelScript, Lua scripting supports immediate compiling and execution of single script lines, loading script files and executing procedural functions from them, and instantiating script objects to scene nodes using the LuaScriptInstance component.
Use ExecuteString() to compile and run a line of Lua script. This should not be used for performance-critical operations.
In contrast to AngelScript modules, which exist as separate entities and do not share functions or variables unless explicitly marked shared, in the Lua subsystem everything is loaded and executed in one Lua state, so scripts can naturally access everything loaded so far. To load and execute a Lua script file, call ExecuteFile().
After that, the functions in the script file are available for calling. Use GetFunction() to get a Lua function by name. This returns a LuaFunction object, on which you should call BeginCall() first, followed by pushing the function parameters if any, and finally execute the function with EndCall().
Debugging Lua scripts embedded in an application can be done by attaching to a remote debugger, after first injecting a client into the application (for example, see eclipse LDT's remote debugger).
However, Lua script files in Urho3D are loaded into the interpreter via Urho3D's resource cache, which loads the script file into a memory buffer before passing that buffer to the interpreter. This is good for performance and cross platform compatibility, but means that the source file is not available to debuggers and so, for example, breakpoints may not work and the code cannot be meaningfully stepped through.
For a single script that you wish to step through, you can use ExecuteRawFile(), which will load the script from the file system directly into the Lua interpreter, making the source available to debuggers that rely on it. There are a couple of caveats with this:
To get around the second caveat, and avoid changing method calls, use the URHO3D_LUA_RAW_SCRIPT_LOADER build option. This will force Urho3D to attempt to load scripts from the file system by default, before falling back on the resource cache. You can then use ExecuteFile(), as above, and disable the CMake option for production if required.
By using the LuaScriptInstance component, Lua script objects can be added to scene nodes. After the component has been created, there are two ways to specify the object to instantiate: either specifying both the script file name and the object class name, in which case the script file is loaded and executed first, or specifying only the class name, in which case the Lua code containing the class definition must already have been executed. An example of creating a script object in C++ from the LuaIntegration sample, where a class called Rotator is instantiated from the script file Rotator.lua:
After instantiation, use GetScriptObjectFunction() to get the object's functions by name; calling happens like above.
Like their AngelScript counterparts, script object classes can define functions which are automatically called by LuaScriptInstance for operations like initialization, scene update, or load/save. These functions are listed below. Refer to the AngelScript scripting page for details.
Like in AngelScript, both procedural and object event handling is supported. In procedural event handling the LuaScript subsystem acts as the event receiver on the C++ side, and forwards the event to a Lua function. Use SubscribeToEvent and give the event name and the function to use as the handler. Optionally a specific sender object can be given as the first argument instead. For example, subscribing to the application-wide Update event, and getting its timestep parameter in the event handler function.
When subscribing a script object to receive an event, use the form self:SubscribeToEvent() instead. The function to use as the handler is given as "ClassName:FunctionName". For example subscribing to the NodeCollision physics event, and getting the participating other scene node and the contact point VectorBuffer in the handler function. Note that in Lua retrieving an object pointer from a VariantMap requires the object type as the first parameter:
The binding of Urho3D C++ classes is accomplished with the tolua++ library, which for the most part binds the exact same function parameters as C++. Compared to the AngelScript API, you will always have the classes' Get / Set functions available, but in addition convenience properties also exist.
As seen above from the event handling examples, VariantMap handling is similar to both C++ and AngelScript. To get a variant object back from a map, index the map by its key as a string. A nil value is returned when the map's key does not exist. Then use one of the variant getter method to return the actual Lua object stored inside the variant object. These getter methods normally do not take any parameter, except GetPtr() and GetVoidPtr() which take a string parameter representing a Lua user type that the method would use to cast the return object into. The GetPtr() is used to get a reference counted object while the GetVoidPtr() is used to get a POD value object.
You can also use the VariantMap as a pseudo Lua table to store any variant value objects in your script. The VariantMap class would try its best to convert any Lua object into a variant object and store the variant object using the provided key as index. The key can be a string or an unsigned integer or even a StringHash object. When a particular data type conversion is not being supported yet, an empty variant object would be stored instead. So, be careful if you are using this feature. You can also use one of the Variant class constructors to construct a Variant object first before assigning it to the VariantMap, but this operation would be slower than direct conversion. The purpose of using VariantMap in this way is to facilitate objects passing between Lua and C++ as has been shown in the event handling mechanism above. When creating objects on Lua side, you have to make sure they are not garbage collected by Lua while there are still references pointing to them on C++ side, especially when the objects are not reference counted.
As shown in the above example, you can either use GetRawBuffer() or GetBuffer() to get the unsigned char array stored in a variant object. It also shows that VariantMap is capable of converting a Lua table containing an array of unsigned char to a variant object stored as buffer. You may want to know that it is capable of converting a Lua table containing an array of variant objects or an array of string objects to be stored as VariantVector and StringVector, respectively, as well. It also converts any Lua primitive data types and all Urho3D classes that are exposed to Lua like all the math classes, reference counted classes, POD classes, resource reference class. etc.
Inline with C++ and AngelScript, in Lua you have to call one of the Variant's getter method to "unbox" the actual object stored inside a Variant object. However, specifically in Lua, there is a generic Get() method which takes advantage of Lua being type less, so the method can unbox a Variant object and return the stored object as a type less Lua object. It takes one optional string parameter representing a Lua user type that the method would use to cast the return object into. The parameter is used for cases where a type casting is required when returning object from Variant object storing a void pointer or a refcounted pointer. The type casting could also be optional such as for the case of requesting a VectorBuffer to be returned for Variant object storing an unsigned char buffer or requesting an unsigned or StringHash to be returned for Variant object storing an integer value. The parameter is ignored for all other cases. Following up to use the same example above, we can index the map and access the stored objects as so:
There is also a generic Set() method for Variant class to cope with Lua does not support assignment operator overload. The Set() method takes a single parameter which can be anything in Lua that is convertible into a Variant, including nil value which is stored as an empty Variant. Use this method when you need to assign a value into an existing Variant object.
For the rest of the functions and classes, see the generated Lua script API reference. Also, look at the Lua counterparts of the sample applications in the bin/Data/LuaScripts directory and compare them to the C++ and AngelScript versions to familiarize yourself with how things are done on the Lua side.
One more thing to note about our Lua scripting implementation is its two-way conversion between C++ collection containers (Vector and PODVector) and Lua arrays (table of non-POD and table of POD objects, respectively). The conversion is done automatically when the collection crosses the C++/Lua boundary. The generated Lua script API reference page does not reflect this fact correctly. When obtaining a collection of objects using the Lua script API, you should treat it as a Lua table despite the documentation page stated a Vector or PODVector user type is being returned.
There are two ways to allocate a C++ object in Lua scripting, which behave differently with respect to Lua's automatic garbage collection:
1) Call class constructor:
tolua++ will register this C++ object with garbage collection, and Lua will collect it eventually. Do not use this form if you will add the object to an object hierarchy that is kept alive on the C++ side with SharedPtr's, for example child scene nodes or UI child elements. Otherwise the object will be double-deleted, resulting in a crash.
Note that calling class constructor in this way is equivalent to calling class new_local() function.
2) Call class new() function:
When using this form the object will not collected by Lua, so it is safe to pass into C++ object hierarchies. Otherwise, to prevent memory leaks it needs to be deleted manually by calling the delete function on it:
When you call the GetFile() function of ResourceCache from Lua, the file you receive must also be manually deleted like described above once you are done with it.
1.9.5